Juvenile Prisons And Its Effects On Youth - 1204 Words

Juvenile Jails and its Effects on Youth Whoever commits a crime, must be punished. This is one of the common notion in human nature from time immemorial. Scientifically, we can say that, every reaction has an equal and opposite reaction. So, when punished, they learn that what they did was wrong and in most cases would never repeat it again. Among punishments, the most prominent one is imprisonment. People are confined inside bars for their acts, including children. They are given the name called juveniles. The juvenile system was created for youth under the age of 17 that require incarnation. Off course, this system can lead to the betterment of children, but it can predominantly cause lot of side effects towards the juveniles. Therefore, child imprisonment can cause more harms and dangers towards a teen’s life because, it can affect them both psychologically and physically which can lead to self-degradation. Every day, we see in our TV or through other means, Juveniles committing crimes and being arrested. They ar e locked up in cells and other confinement areas due to certain acts and attitudes. Currently, statistics show us that there is an increase of 26% in the crime rate done by juveniles. Juvenile delinquency is found in all countries and prominently widespread in highly industrialized larger cities. Juveniles are mainly caught for stealing goods, smuggling drugs, unsafe driving and violent crimes. Off course, all of these can be very dangerous and can cause harm,Show MoreRelatedComparing The Geo Group Inc. And The Campaign For Youth Justice1263 Words   |  6 PagesSociety has been plagued by the issue of juveniles being charged as adults and thus being sent to adult prisons. The problem surrounding this issue is that the youth are being forced to share cells with adult inmates; this leaves them more susceptible to assault. There are two stakeholders who hold opposite perspectives surrounding this: the GEO Group Inc. and the Campaign for Youth Justice. The Campaign for Youth Justice i s fighting against this issue, whilst the GEO Group doesn t consider theRead MoreSynthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration Into Adult Prisons1414 Words   |  6 PagesBoettcher 10/21/15 Pd.3 Synthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration into Adult Prisons Childhood is a time in which memories are created, adventures are explored and social awareness begins to develop. The events that occur during childhood are pivotal in the development of a healthy and substantial life. However, what if those experiences were taken from a child? What would the outcome be if a child could not experience what it is like to be young? Juvenile incarceration strips a person of their childhoodRead MoreA New Perspective Towards The Justice System1583 Words   |  7 Pages Final Assignment Over the course of the semester I have developed a new perspective towards the justice system. Prior to taking the Juvenile Delinquency course I did not know much in detail about the negative effects of the juvenile justice system on youths. Personally, I thought the juvenile justice system was created to educate youths in order to prevent them from getting involved in more crimes and to lead them to have better outcomes in the future by giving them resources they may have notRead MoreAdolescent Crime a Result of Socioeconomic Instabilities 1271 Words   |  6 Pagesplaced a great deal of pressure on the juvenile justice system. Pressure associated with increased levels of crime gears conservative believers in social responsibility to implement harsher punishments as an avenue for social protection. Conversely, liberally-minded individuals gravitate toward the social problems perspective, believing that rehabilitation is the only method adequate to protect society. Inherent in the c ontroversial topic of trying juveniles as adults is an increased responsibilityRead MoreA Child With Adult Consequences Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Youth Justice (2012), â€Å"On any given day, approximately 2,700 young people are locked up in adult prisons† (p. 4). This is hard to understand, because the United States has a juvenile justice system that is centered on rehabilitation and reforming youth into law-abiding citizens. Youth Justice (2012) also claimed, â€Å"On any given night in America 10,000 children are held in adults jails and prisons† (p. 3). Currently, all states participate in serving justice to juveniles even though itRead MoreJuvenile Courts and Juvenile Delinquency1176 Words   |  5 Pages How would you feel if the police arrested kids all over our country to jail for just crossing the street the wrong way or pushing another kid on the playground? That is what is happening to many underage juvenile all over the United States; they are being sent to adult prisons for crimes that do not deserve such severe punishments. Why they were tried as adults is an enigma and we will explain why this is a terrible injustice. In 1899 children in between the ages of 7-14 were believed they wereRead MoreProfit Over Youth : A Look Into The Business Of Prison950 Words   |  4 PagesProfit Over Youth: A Look into the Business of Prison. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established that in 2009 there were a total of 1,812,900 juvenile arrest. These arrest consisted of those who were arrested and never tried as adults, for the purpose of this paper the same definition of a juvenile will be used. It can be easily argued that the juvenile population is Americas most vulnerable, and this is the population that we are arresting at such high numbers. To understandRead MoreThe Issue Of Adult Courts And Prisons1632 Words   |  7 Pagescan provide; yet instead of heeding their cries for help, society subjects these children to the hardships of prisons. The sad truth is that the majority of juvenile cases are sent to adult courts and prisons, but we must consider the mental capacity and stability, along with external factors that make juveniles act out, and the only time the case should be sent to adult courts and prisons, is if heinous acts were taken and no other solution is possible. Children make mistakes. That is the whole pointRead MoreJust Mercy Essays : Juveniles Being Tried As Adults1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn Contrast to Bryan Stevenson’s â€Å"Just Mercy† stories of juveniles being tried as adults, Jason Zeidenberg in the article â€Å"The Risks Juveniles Face When They Are Incarcerated with Adults† strongly emphasizes the dangers and consequences that juveniles face when they are tried as adults. Zeidenberg states the consequences of juveniles being raped, assaulted, committing suicide and the effects of being victimized. Children who are housed in the same facility as Adults is not a good idea nor a goodRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice School To Prison Pipeline634 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction In the most recent years, the relationship between educational institutions and the juvenile justice system which was once created to protect children, has displayed an ultimatum for minors through â€Å"zero tolerance† policies which results in sending individuals through the school to prison to pipeline. Studies have shown that these zero tolerance policies are not beneficial to students or the educational environment that should be guaranteed to children. Opponents argue that the policies

The Excellent Sheep By William Deresiewicz - 849 Words

The first quote from Warner is â€Å"every aspect of American thought and action is powerfully influence by social class; to think realistically and act effectively, we [people] must know and understand our status system† (Levine 90). This shows that he relates to Marx as he agrees that both social class plays an important factor in society. The way people think about life and other groups is affected by class. Social class has also taught individuals how to act, how to dress and talk. Each classes have different expectations for their children, the rich expect them to go to college and be successful while lower classes do not always put so much emphases on education. The topic of education was heavily discussed when the class read The Excellent Sheep by William Deresiewicz, were he talked about how the elite education might not be all it is believed to be worth. Also in class, it was discussed how the upper class believe that all people in the lower classes are the same, and vice versa for the lower-class for the upper-classes. Through studying Warner, it is important to understand society and prestige because it is suppressing how much influence both factors have over society. The Second quote from Warner is, â€Å"Its [The American Dream is] two fundamental themes and propositions, that all of us are equal and that each of us has right to the chance of reaching the top, are mutually contradictory, for if men are equal there can be no top level to aim for, no bottom one to getShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar1593 Words   |  7 Pagesinto a deep depression as she remains trapped in limbo, unable to choose a direction for her professional or personal life to follow. While Esthers frozen state is detrimental to her mental health, she avoids the fate of students like her in Excellent Sheep, who are too afraid of the pressures of deciding a future that they instead fit the mold of a perfect pupil, leaving them unhappy and unfulfilled. This instinct to default into the accepted norm is not just seen in regards to postsecondary education;Read MoreLearning For The Love Of God1234 Words   |  5 Pagesplay in the ways colleges develop into factories which produce â€Å"excellent sheep,† but not well-educated people, which explains why people believe what they do about college. Along with the belief that higher education no longer teaches deeper learning skills, some people assume that colleges only teach students to achieve personal â€Å"success.† In a review of William Deresiewicz’s Excellent Sheep, Perry Glanzer shares that, â€Å"Deresiewicz claims the system ‘forces you to choose between learning and success†Read MoreThe True Nature Of Humankind1309 Words   |  6 Pagescreatures that need to be subjected to extreme authority in order to act morally. The way Hobbes sets up this argument by imploring the readers to imagine the world before society and the conditioning we are subjected to in order to become â€Å"excellent sheep†(William Deresiewicz). Hobbes suggests that humans in the state of nature are compelled solely by self-interest. In fact, I have noticed that even the most seemingly altruistic of acts can seem to boil down to a conception of self-interest different than

Senior Student Free Essays

If I were a newly appointed procurement manager at a company or an organization that there has not been yet proper procurement procedure I will try to convince the CEO of that company and organization by raising some importance point related to the procurement procedure. Those include: 1. It is easily to prepare and controlling the budget of the company: it can reduce the waste of spending on unnecessary things by using the fix budget or flexible budget strategy to control over purchasing products. We will write a custom essay sample on Senior Student or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. It can avoid of cheat and mistake on purchasing products: after we got that form we can make sure that the product that need to order is well accepted because it has to be check by the officer or CEO to confirm the purchase. 3. It is like a road map to show where the product shall be taken and how the purchase be made. 4. Build good relationship with the suppliers: because we need to select the supplier who we can be trust and can be work with us for long time and realizable so we need to select the potential suppliers to be the part supplier of our company. . Saving money: after we have the part supplier we can save some money because when we select someone to be our part supplier they will provide us a premium price or when we use bulk purchase. Here is the simple plan diagram of the procurement procedure diagram: 1. Check for the department budget or company budget before request or propose a form. 2. Written a requesting form of what you want to purchase and the purpose of purcha sing. 3. Get a signature from the authorization person to validate the purchasing order. 4. Get that requesting form to purchasing department or procurement department to check for the necessity of the product order and the available product in stock or should buy them from the suppliers. 5. After the purchasing has already made up they shall take the requesting form to the financial department to get an approval or a direction where the requesting shall go next. 6. In case if the purchasing has reach the maximum of financial approval it has to go to the principle officer or CEO to get approval before the purchase can be made or done. 7. After we got the approval next we has to find the ways that the product transport to the department. 8. After the product arrival we need to check for the quantity and quality of the product. 9. Next we should evaluate the supplier performance whether they provide us a good delivery or can be used as the part supplier or not. 10. After that send the product that is done send to user department. Diagram: Check for budget Written a requesting form Get approval by the authorize person Send to purchase or procurement department Send to financial department Get approval from the principle or CEO Check for delivery term or strategies Check for the product quality Evaluate the supplier performance Send to the user department Here is the ways to communicate our new procedure for coordinate effectively in the future: 1. Get a signature from the CEO to approve that our new procedure is legally accepted 2. Take it to the human resource department and ask for the meeting of all team leaders in each department. 3. Explain the entire team leader about the new process nicely in the manner of convincing rather than used the position power. 4. Observe from what they thinking and gather the feedback to adjust in case of the reasonable argument. 5. Hosting an unofficial meeting to maintain the relationship with other team leader by showing them that you pay respect to them and willing to accept the feedback. 6. In case of the convincing is not acceptable we can use the position power by working with the CEO to enforce the procedure so that everybody has to listen. In conclusion as we are the new procurement manager we should understand how to convince people to get your point and what make your speech delivery effectively and catchable to all the audience. How to cite Senior Student, Papers

Complicity and Conspiracy in Rotherham †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Complicity and Conspiracy in Rotherham. Answer: Introduction: All children in this world need to be taken care of, to be cared and loved and to be kept safe by those who have been given this responsibility, which in normal situations is imparted with the parents management. Yet, there are a number of children who feel unsafe, who have been orphaned, and who have been forced into sex trade and prostitution, and even have to scavenge the streets on daily basis (Dingwall, Eekelaar Murray, 2014). These are the children who would never know what the normal life of a person is; till the time something dramatic changes in their lives, they would never feel safe and secure in this world. Even though this is a very shocking situation, it is quite prevalent in Australia and there are still a number of children who are in dire need of protection (Higgins Katz, 2008). The Childrens Fund of the United Nations has given the statistics on biological parents being child abusers, and this figure stands at 80%. Then there is the risk of death as a result of ma ltreatment which is 3 times higher than the ones aged below one year, in comparison to the to the ones age between one to four. They face double the risk in comparison to the ones in between the ages of five to fourteen. There is at least one child who dies each week due to cruelty of an adult and the figure of abuse and neglect is not known (Royal College of Midwives, 2008). The problem is increased as majority cases go unreported. Due to this situation being so grave, there is a need for taking proactive measures to safeguard the children. Further, it is not enough for such measures to be taken solely by the authorities and the child protection has to be made the business of every person, to truly save the innocent lives. In the recent history, there have been a string of major sexual assault scandals on the children in Australia, as well as, in a number of other nations. These instances create a feeling of disgust and urge the people to turn their faces away from this ugly reality. However, turning faces does not confront the problem and there is a need for taking up collective action as it being a mutual responsibility for protecting the children (Widom, Czaja Dutton, 2014). This can be done only by acknowledging that such instances of child abuse, sexual assault and other problems faced by children take place on daily basis and that there is a need to talk about these issues. The silence of society on child sexual abuse only safeguards the perpetrators and this allows for the abuse to be continued. The instances of child sexual assault are very common and even more common than one can think about (Young Widom, 2014). The 2013 report of Australian Institute of Family Studies highlighted that there were as many as one in three girls and one in six boys who had experienced sexual abuse (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2017). In the media, it was reported that there had been a mass scale of sexual exploitation in Rotherham in UK of 1400 children in between 1997 and 2013, which highlighted the total failure of social services and also of the police in making timely interventions (The Conversation, 2014a). There are a number of examples in the Rotherham report on the manner in which the children had been groomed up for eventual abuse in the public view and how they got inappropriate gifts and mens attention (Rotherham, 2013). As per the conducted researches, the offenders plan the sexual abuse of children typically in a careful manner. They use tactics like grooming the children where the offer compliments and presents to the children (CASAC, 2018). A trusting relationship is often established by the offender with the friends and family of child, where they trick and manipulate them to bring down the chances of abuse being discovered. As a result of this series of deceit, the offenders are able to isolate and divide the children away from their friends, sibling and particularly from the non offending parents (Dietz, 2018). This allows for the abusers to protect themselves which ensures that they get constant and uninterrupted access to the children, which in turn allows them to have power over the target child and the ones in the life of the child (Black, Wollis, Woodworth Hancock, 2015). In the grooming techniques, secrecy is the base of success and has a very powerful impact over the child. Due to the rule which is against breaking the silence being reinforced in the families, along with being enforced through social and cultural contexts, the survivors, be it children or adult, face shame, fear and guilt in coming out with their stories (Van der Kolk, 2017). Some of the common effects of being trained to be sexually available and silent are fear of retribution, mistrust of self and others, protection of other, over responsibility, sense of powerlessness and self blame (Kagan, 2014). There is a need to change this outlook and there is a dire need to break this societal silence, which requires changing the language being used and the notions surrounding child sexual abuse which degrade them, to be removed. There is a need to change the outlook where the victim is treated like damaged goods and even making the assumption that the offender is a sick weirdo (MacIntosh, Fletcher Collin-Vzina, 2016). However, as the instances of child abuse are so common, the society commonly interacts with the victims and the perpetrators, and this often includes the people liked and admired by all. This frequency of problems shows that the sexual offenders are not sick or evil or even paedophiles but simple friends and family members. This shows that a number of victims of sexual abuse are able to deal with the abuse effects, live their lives in a productive manner and are able to contribute towards the well-being of the society (Harper Perkins, 2018). And then there are cases where the victims have improper brain development, lower language development, impaired socio emotional and cognitive skills, anxiety, cerebral palsy or blindness from head trauma, drug abuse, alcoholism, smoking and a higher risk for liver, lung and heart diseases, along with high chances of cancer, obesity, high cholesterol and blood pressure. There are physical, psychological, behavioural, and even economic repercussi ons of child neglect and child abuse (CDC, 2016). This entire scenario of the instances of child abuse takes place in the society and it is the society which brings out the views presented above, related to child abuse, particularly the victims of it. Due to deep rooted context of it, it becomes important for every player in the society, be it the big businesses, the government, the institutional bodies, and even the general public, to take steps bringing the instances of child neglect and child abuse down, and for eradicating the same from the society (Barth, Courtney, Berrick Albert, 2017). Fortunately, there is no requirement of doing much in this context. As such instances are based on secrecy and take place in silence; the antidote to this disease is to bring the issue to the light. When such happens, there is a need to support the victims in their rehabilitation process and making the victims liable for their offence. There is a requirement of creating the atmosphere which encourages the individuals to raise questions on the uncertain or confusing practices and behaviours for taking actions before the children could be harmed (Itzin, 2018). So, the people have to take the risk of questioning a potentially paranoid looking adult behaviour towards a child. There are other responses to the people who experience childhood sexual abuse like collective social action, community development and preventive approaches but these are restricted to the practices margins (The Conversation, 2014b). There are certain services, like the government funded West Street Centre, which is a community based organization located in Wollongong, New South Wales, which offers a substitute. This centre links the group work of individuals to community and collaborative efforts and individual talk based group therapy for tackling the violence and abuse issues. The survivors of child abuse are made to join with others, where they not only speak about their experiences but also challenge secrecy, as the emphasis is given to listening to the other community members. This allows for the victims to find a new way for the community and for their families. Where a child hears an adult talking about their sexual abuse story, they learn from their example and follow such example (Fraser, 2006). The protection of children is not a job which can be relegated to a single authority, be it in school, police or the social services. It is the responsibility of every person. All the children would be protected when the everyday citizens make it their personal responsibility for ensuring the child protection. This requires taking up hard conversations, changing the very hypothesis regarding perpetrators and victims and having the courage of acting where they have issues or concerns regarding the children in community (Jewell, 2006). There is the disturbing truth revolving around the human behaviour which is both devious and dark and can result in harm to children. In this context, the role of practitioners specializing in field of child, youth and family therapy is of significance. This is because these practitioners work in the child protection field on daily basis are aware of the evils behind this menace and they know how the children feel and what they go through, when they become the victims of child abuse and child neglect. The child protection practitioners see with a weary resignation when the child abuse results in moral panic, upon the news hitting the media and a political mess being created. Then there are claims of an utter failure in preventing abuse by such practitioners, which should have been obvious to everyone, and there is moral outrage regarding abuse of human rights by social workers and police on suspicions regarding obviously unreasonable matters (Jones, 2012). The public anger regarding the bad treatment of children is quite understandable. Though, the past experiences have shown that such episodes end very frequently in disruptive lurches in regulation. Evidence has shown that the understanding in some of the abuse forms has been improved in a drastic manner in the last thirty years or so. The child protection system across the globe is improving. And yet, instances of child neglect and child abuse are present, which are particularly difficult to detect and the decisions regarding these are quite agonising. The high profile cases show that even the intelligent and most powerful individuals can miss the signs and also ignore the clues which appear to be obvious in retrospect. These are some of the daily challenges faced by child protection practitioners and even the ones who provide therapy (Jones, 2012). The role of counselling practitioners or that of child, youth and family therapists relates to counselling services for the children and for their family members as well, in cases of physical and emotional abuse, domestic violence and neglect cases. These practitioners provide the children with focused and trauma informed services by making use of the family systems approach. They make attempts for the children to feel safe again and help them in coping up with the trauma faced by them (Bryce, 2017). The resolution of trauma not only involves making sense of the event which caused such trauma, but also allows the child to learn the manner in which they can regulate their emotions. In doing so, the practitioners work with the family, in order to create a safe environment, and for enhancing the social supports, and resiliency of the child. There is a need for the carers and parents to agree and to be willing in this therapy process (Mid North Coast Local Health District, 2017). The goal or the objective of such measures being taken is to give the children their right of feeling safe at all times, along with feeling that they are cared for. The children are assisted in coping with the effects of abuse and their families are supported in keeping the children safe, along with working towards preventing child abuse and neglect in community (Howe, 2005). A child, youth and family therapist works towards the behavioural and emotional problems, which result from the traumatic events; in the problems associated with parenting, attachment and family; towards maintaining the young person or child living with their family; and acts as an interventionist aiming to both address and stop the effects resulting from abuse on young people and children. This involves using measures like family and individual therapy and counselling, advocacy and support, therapeutic group work, comprehensive progress and assessment reports, court preparation and support, community education and awareness related activities, reparative parent and even secondary consultation to the NSW Health staff and the other agencies regarding child protection issues (Mid North Coast Local Health District, 2017). The role of such practitioners is further enhanced due to the link of child abuse with mental health. Experiencing abuse in adolescence or childhood is deemed as a major risk factor for connection to parents, poor attachment, general adjustment problems and poor mental health. These factors leave the children vulnerable. So, the child, youth and family therapists have to take special care in ensuring that the risks associated with mental illness and disorders are properly diagnosed and are timely treated (Tilbury, Osmond, Wilson Clark, 2007). To put this in reality context, the studies have suggested that the victims of childhood physical abuse have 40% chances of being diagnosed with high depressive disorder in some stage of their lives, and 30% chances of being diagnosed with disruptive behaviour disorder. Over one third of the sexual and physical abuse victims develop post traumatic stress disorder. There is also the risk of self harm and suicide (Commonwealth of Australia, 2005) . The magnitude of this problem is so big that the child, youth and family therapists alone cannot do much. There is a need to adopt broad spectrum of programs and services to deal with this problem. The initial one is to undertake the primary prevention activities for preventing abuse from taking place, and for raising public awareness through general parenting education programs, media campaigns, children personal safety programs and the generalized regulations and rules applicable on child care. There is a need for adopting secondary prevention activities, which target the ones who are at risk, through support services, substance abuse treatment programs, respite for families with special needs, and parenting education sessions for the high risk parents. Lastly, there is a need to adopt the tertiary prevention programs where the focus is on families with abusive or violent behaviour (Commonwealth of Australia, 2005). The role of general public is enhanced in terms of reporting the child abuse or neglect cases. This is because the offenders seldom report their own crimes, and the children are often not able to raise their voice. In such context, in order for the children to reach child, youth and family therapists or other helping individuals, the general public, particularly near such abused child, need to raise their voice. The role of people near the children in such cases cannot be emphasized enough. There is a need to evaluate each action of children and raise the voice even at slightest of doubt. This may result in people blaming false allegation charges, but for the safety of children and for making them feel safe again, this is a worthy risk to take. The role of child, youth and family therapists comes a lot later, even when they indulge in preventive programs due to the lack of reach which they have to the child, particularly to the vulnerable and neglected children (Commonwealth of Austr alia, 2005). Even with the protection measures in this regard, for instance, the United Nations Convention on the Right of the Child, which provide that the children have to be made feel safe and cannot be abused, these programs are not successful till they are actually adopted at the very basic level, by every person involved (Lundy, 2014). The governments of the state also have adopted by measures like issuing child safety practice manual to help in this context (Queensland Government, 2018). There are also national policies drawn in Australia in context of child protection being everyones business (Council of Australian Governments, 2010). Thus, to bring this discussion to its end, it can be concluded that child abuse and neglect is a serious issue, which is being faced by a well developed nation like Australia. There have been norms which have been adopted at both international and national levels, but these often fall short. The reason for this stems from the fact that both perpetrators and victims are members of the society and the society at present rules by silence. There is a need for raising awareness regarding people to come out with such knowledge of child being abused or being neglected. This is because the children often fear a lot of factors, which act as a hurdle in them raising their voice. Further, the offenders indulge in such grooming schemes, that they are never seen as offenders by the families or the child, resulting in the child becoming an easy victim. There is a need for overall measures to be adopted, whereby the children are properly protected. In this context, the role of child, youth and fami ly therapists is enhanced as they ensure that the mental state of victims and their family members is good and they help the children and families in coping up with the traumatic incident. Their role is also crucial as a bad mental health could result in a number of problems, which even includes the child become suicidal. Despite the measures adopted by the regulatory authorities, and the prominent role of child, youth and family therapists, there is a need for everyone to play a proactive role in protection of children, so that the children can be made to feel safe again. References Australian Institute of Family Studies. (2017). The prevalence of child abuse and neglect management. Retrieved from: https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/prevalence-child-abuse-and-neglect Barth, R. P., Courtney, M. E., Berrick, J. D., Albert, V. N. (2017).From child abuse to foster care: Child welfare services pathways and placements. Oxon: Routledge. Black, P. J., Wollis, M., Woodworth, M., Hancock, J. T. (2015). A linguistic analysis of grooming strategies of online child sex offenders: Implications for our understanding of predatory sexual behavior in an increasingly computer-mediated world.Child abuse neglect,44, 140-149. Bryce, I. (2017). Cumulative Harm and Resilience Framework: An Assessment, Prevention and Intervention Resource for Helping Professionals. Australia: Cengage. CASAC. (2018). Grooming. Retrieved from: https://www.casac.org.au/site%20docs/Grooming.pdf CDC. (2016). Child Abuse and Neglect: Consequences. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childmaltreatment/consequences.html Commonwealth of Australia. (2005). Child Abuse and Mental Health. Retrieved from: https://www.responseability.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/4807/Child-Abuse-and-Mental-Health.pdf Council of Australian Governments. (2010). Protecting Children is Everyones Business. Retrieved from: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/pac_annual_rpt_0.pdf Dietz, P. (2018). Grooming and Seduction.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,33(1), 28-36. Dingwall, R., Eekelaar, J., Murray, T. (2014).The protection of children: State intervention and family life(Vol. 16). London: Quid Pro Books. Fraser, M. (2006). Outsider-witness practices in developing community with women who have experienced child sexual assault.International Journal of Narrative Therapy Community Work,2006(3), 52. Harper, C. A., Perkins, C. (2018). Reporting child sexual abuse within religious settings: challenges and future directions.Child abuse review,27(1), 30-41. Higgins, D., Katz, I. (2008). Enhancing service systems for protecting children: Promoting child wellbeing and child protection reform in Australia.Family Matters, (80), 43. Howe, D. (2005).Child abuse and neglect: Attachment, development and intervention. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Itzin, C. (2018).Psychoanalytic psychotherapy after child abuse: The treatment of adults and children who have experienced sexual abuse, violence, and neglect in childhood. Oxon: Routledge. Jewell, S. (2006). 'Child protection is everyone's business'. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/oct/11/guardianextra3.guardianspecial67 Jones, D.N. (2016). How we can protect children more effectively. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/social-care-network/2012/nov/21/protect-children-effectively-childrens-commission Kagan, R. (2014).Rebuilding attachments with traumatized children: Healing from losses, violence, abuse, and neglect. Oxon: Routledge. Lundy, L. (2014). United Nations convention on the rights of the child and child well-being. InHandbook of child well-being (pp. 2439-2462). Netherlands: Springer. MacIntosh, H., Fletcher, K., Collin-Vzina, D. (2016). I Was Like Damaged, Used Goods: Thematic Analysis of Disclosures of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Romantic Partners.Marriage Family Review,52(6), 598-611. Mid North Coast Local Health District. (2017). Child Protection Counselling Service. Retrieved from: https://mnclhd.health.nsw.gov.au/services/child-youth-family-services/child-protection/child-protection-counselling-service/ Osullivan, J. (2016). Protecting children is everybodys business. Retrieved from: https://glch.org.au/protecting-children-everybodys-business-child-protection-week-event/ Queensland Government. (2018). Child Safety Practice Manual. Retrieved from: https://www.communities.qld.gov.au/childsafety/child-safety-practice-manual Rotherham. (2013). Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham (1997 2013). Retrieved from: https://www.rotherham.gov.uk/downloads/file/1407/independent_inquiry_cse_in_rotherham Royal College of Midwives. (2008). Child protection is everybody's business. Retrieved from: https://www.rcm.org.uk/news-views-and-analysis/analysis/child-protection-is-everybodys-business The Conversation. (2014a). Complicity and conspiracy in Rotherham should teach us how to handle future cases. Retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/complicity-and-conspiracy-in-rotherham-should-teach-us-how-to-handle-future-cases-30979 The Conversation. (2014b). We all have a role in protecting children: end the silence on abuse. Retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/we-all-have-a-role-in-protecting-children-end-the-silence-on-abuse-31281 Tilbury, C., Osmond, J., Wilson, S., Clark, J. (2007). Good practice in child Protection.Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: Pearson Education Australia. Van der Kolk, B. A. (2017). This Issue: Child Abuse Victimization.Psychiatric Annals,35(5), 374-378. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S., Dutton, M. A. (2014). Child abuse and neglect and intimate partner violence victimization and perpetration: A prospective investigation.Child abuse neglect,38(4), 650-663. Young, J. C., Widom, C. S. (2014). Long-term effects of child abuse and neglect on emotion processing in adulthood.Child abuse neglect,38(8), 1369-1381.

Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice Essay Example

Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice Essay PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES in the APPLICATION of CRIMINAL JUSTICE Mark P. Robertson Deviant Behavior Instructor Tomasina Cook EMPIRE STATE COLLEGE July 30, 2012 There are several Psychosocial Theories pertaining to human behavior. The relation of some of these theories can be directly applied to the Criminal Justice field. Theories focus on why some behavior develops, when and where the development begins, who is affected by it and may be particularly more susceptible, what signs or behaviors to look for, and what may be done to prevent it. Psychologist Terrie Moffitt proposed her Developmental Theory identifying two developmental ‘paths’ or ‘patterns’ in which an individual may exhibit. Moffitt claims that criminal behavior can mainly be classified into one of these categories. Moffitt states that the ‘Life-Course-Persistent (LCP) offender’ continues their antisocial ways and behavior across or throughout all kinds of conditions and situations, and throughout the life course (or life span). This is a developmental path in which the offender shows various psychological and antisocial difficulty, and defiance on a consistent basis at an early age, on through youth and adolescence, and further into adulthood and beyond. It appears as though once LCP’s become involved in a deviant and offensive lifestyle they continue and increase their offending as they grow older. Young children as LCP’s often show evidence of this developmental ‘path’ in ways such as wild temper tantrums and mood swings, to biting and hitting. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As adolescents, LCP’s show signs such as truancy, shoplifting and substance abuse. This may seem like rather common or somewhat ‘normal’ behavior for many younger individuals, and in many cases it is. However, when the young person or adolescent does not ‘grow-out’ of this phase or behavioral ‘pattern’, it can progress into adulthood. The adult LCP may often develop such behavior as robbery, rape, child abuse, even murder. Adult LCP’s show high levels of antisocial behavior, and are almost exclusively male in gender. The offending might even escalate, with the offenses and behavior becoming more violent in nature, more erratic, and unpredictable. As stated earlier, some criminal behavior may be seen or viewed as relatively ‘normal’ behavior for younger individuals, especially males. In fact, most young individuals do ‘grow-up and out’ of this, and choose (whether voluntarily or involuntarily) another developmental pathway. They may offend or display some type of criminal or ‘bad’ behavior as children, adolescents, or young adults, but usually stop in their late-teens to early twenties. Terrie Moffitt states that these ‘youths’ are ‘Adolescent-Limited (AL) offenders’, and these individuals usually do not have or display the early developmental, persistent antisocial, or problem behavioral histories as their LCP counterparts. However the case may be, there is an occasional commonality between LCP and AL youth. Often times, the frequency and severity of offending among LCP and AL youth, is ‘mirrored’. The patterns of offending between them can be almost identical, but with the onset of young adulthood looming near, these patterns then abruptly change. For many reasons, the AL youth realizes that continued offending will not lead to any sort of positive outcome, and he or she then stops. Ultimately, when applied in a criminal justice setting, Moffitt’s developmental theory of the LCP person and the AL person shows that the AL ‘criminals’ or ‘delinquents’ have the ability, or at the very least, are more likely to regain control of their lives. They desist in their malevolent and/or devious behavior when they begin to mature and evolve into a more social, conventional, realistic, and ‘acceptable’ person. The LCP ‘criminal’ or ‘delinquent’ maintains their malevolent behavior, possibly and usually escalating into a more antisocial, unpredictable and dangerous person. LCP’s generally have long histories wrought with aggressive and violent crimes, with genuine ‘disregard’ for legality, posing as a ‘threat’ to everyone. Psychologist Erik Erikson proposed another theory of Psychosocial Development, which focuses on ‘Stages’. He states that each stage plays a major role in the development of personality and psychological ‘skills’. Erikson says there are a series of eight stages, coinciding with infancy to late adulthood, in which a person experiences different ‘challenges’. Each stage requires the successful completion of the prior stage to move onto the next, otherwise incomplete stages may reappear in the future and pose potential problems. However, absolute perfection or mastery of a stage is not necessary. Erikson’s developmental stages are as follows: 1. Hopes: Trust vs. Mistrust (Oral-Sensory, Birth – 2 yrs) 2. Will: Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt (Muscular-Anal, 2 -4 yrs) 3. Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt (Locomotor-Genital, Preschool, 4 -5 yrs) 4. Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority (Latency, 5 – 12 yrs) 5. Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 13 – 19 yrs) 6. Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 20 – 24, or 20 – 40 yrs) 7. Care: Generativist vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 25 – 64, or 40 – 64 yrs) 8. Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65 – death) In regards to Erik Erikson’s developmental theory of the ‘Stages’, there is particular importance in relation to the criminal justice field. Stage 5, (Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion) plays a key role in psychosocial ability and behavior. ‘Identity’ is unique to every individual. There may be a distinct correlation between identity and why some people stray from the ‘norms’ of society and venture off into a life of deviant or criminal activity. This is especially true when it involves young people. Young people/persons are quite easily influenced, and impressionable. It is a very critical and important time in one’s life, trapped somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is a period of extreme change, extreme choices, and big decisions. Lack of one’s own identity, confusion, and the need and desire to belong, or to ‘fit in’ somewhere, can and often does provoke irrational thought. The inability or difficulty to become accepted by one’s peers gives way to potentially ‘bad’ choices. This can be especially difficult for certain cultural, ethnic, and societal groups. For example, inner-city youth (regardless of race) who grow up in areas with higher crime rates and/or criminal activity, or lower-income families (many with only one parental figure) are by default, at higher risk of ‘exposure’ to criminal activity. They in essence, have little or almost no chance of meeting or interacting with (or being influenced by) someone from the suburbs, or the country (rural areas), where criminal activity is lower. These inner-city youths are more frequently exposed to crime (it is sometimes all they see and know), and without ‘positive’ influence, they are more susceptible to adopt an ‘identity’ relative and according to what they experience on a regular basis. They believe that is the ‘norm’ and in turn, they tend to lean towards what they believe. Rather than having no identity at all, and having the desire to ‘fit in’ somewhere, they naturally fall into place. Unfortunately, the choice(s) for these youths are often very limited, and this is a major problem. This may be a reason why Hans J. Eysenck developed his psychosocial development theory of Personality and Crime. Hans J. Eysenck’s theory is regarded as one of the most influential psychological perspectives on crime today. (Cale, 2006) Eysenck states that criminal behavior is the result of an interaction between certain environmental conditions and certain features of the nervous system. In other words, certain types of personalities, combined with certain types of surroundings, lead to certain types of criminal activity. This equates to a perfect combination of attributes which are a recipe for juvenile, delinquent, and/or criminal behavior. This theory is unlike most contemporary theories of crime, because Eysenck heavily emphasizes that genetic predispositions are largely responsible for antisocial and criminal conduct. Theoretically, some people are just ‘born different’ from the majority of the population, and their genetics result in their inability to adapt and conform to society’s rules, regulations, and expectancies. Therein lays the problem. To assist Eysenck in measuring different variables of, and predisposure to commit crimes and offenses, he developed several ‘questionnaires’. The best known questionnaire would be the British Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). Additional editions would be the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R). These questionnaires can be very helpful in providing researchers with valuable insight on how personality traits may coincide with criminality however it is not yet ‘conclusive’ research. Although Eysenck’s theory of Personality and Crime cannot be definitively proven, it is still worth looking at. Criminal justice practitioners would be wise to examine and contemplate its useful and unique suggestions. While there are still several theories on psychosocial development to be discussed, Gerald Patterson’s ‘Coercion Developmental Theory’ is in alignment with Terrie Moffitt’s theory. Patterson states and believes that ‘early starters are at greater risk for more serious criminal offending’. (Bartol and Bartol, p. 65) Patterson theorizes that while early starters are at greater risk, he focuses on how the parents and their roles with their children are more important, and much more instrumental. Essentially when young children experience different types of ‘traumatic’ events (e. g. ivorce, family violence, inconsistent parental discipline), they are prone to or are at greater likelihood to begin using or displaying ‘coercive behavior’. Coercive behavior can become the child’s way of avoiding or escaping his or her immediate (parental, social) environment. This ‘coercive’ behavior could be as minor or u nassuming as lying, temper tantrums, or whining. Eventually this coercive behavior becomes the child’s ‘go to’ strategy to obtain the desired result(s) he or she wants. If left unchecked, or uncorrected by parents, the problem behavior can be prolonged, well into adolescence and on to adulthood. Therefore, parents need to gain and maintain control, in a non-threatening, non-demanding, appropriate way, as early as the coercive behavior is recognized. Summarizing that society has no shortage of people with some type of developmental disability that inhibits or prohibits their behavior, it can usually be traced back or down to its source. In conclusion, the theories discussed here can assist in narrowing down the ‘root’ causes of or perhaps the reasons why some individuals seem to veer astray from societal normality. Whether the causes or reasons are psychological, developmental, or environmental in nature, criminal justice practitioners can utilize these theories to evaluate, and possibly explain the behavior of those in question. REFERENCES, NOTES, and CITATIONS 1. Criminal Behavior: A Psychosocial Approach, 8th Edition, By: Bartol and Bartol 2. Generalist Case Management: A Method of Human Service Delivery, 3rd Edition, By: Woodside and McClam 3. Online Research on Juvenile Delinquency and Criminal Behavior http://www. fbi. gov. juveniledelinquency. icr Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice Essay Example Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice Paper PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES in the APPLICATION of CRIMINAL JUSTICE Mark P. Robertson Deviant Behavior Instructor Tomasina Cook EMPIRE STATE COLLEGE July 30, 2012 There are several Psychosocial Theories pertaining to human behavior. The relation of some of these theories can be directly applied to the Criminal Justice field. Theories focus on why some behavior develops, when and where the development begins, who is affected by it and may be particularly more susceptible, what signs or behaviors to look for, and what may be done to prevent it. Psychologist Terrie Moffitt proposed her Developmental Theory identifying two developmental ‘paths’ or ‘patterns’ in which an individual may exhibit. Moffitt claims that criminal behavior can mainly be classified into one of these categories. Moffitt states that the ‘Life-Course-Persistent (LCP) offender’ continues their antisocial ways and behavior across or throughout all kinds of conditions and situations, and throughout the life course (or life span). This is a developmental path in which the offender shows various psychological and antisocial difficulty, and defiance on a consistent basis at an early age, on through youth and adolescence, and further into adulthood and beyond. It appears as though once LCP’s become involved in a deviant and offensive lifestyle they continue and increase their offending as they grow older. Young children as LCP’s often show evidence of this developmental ‘path’ in ways such as wild temper tantrums and mood swings, to biting and hitting. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Theories in Criminal Justice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As adolescents, LCP’s show signs such as truancy, shoplifting and substance abuse. This may seem like rather common or somewhat ‘normal’ behavior for many younger individuals, and in many cases it is. However, when the young person or adolescent does not ‘grow-out’ of this phase or behavioral ‘pattern’, it can progress into adulthood. The adult LCP may often develop such behavior as robbery, rape, child abuse, even murder. Adult LCP’s show high levels of antisocial behavior, and are almost exclusively male in gender. The offending might even escalate, with the offenses and behavior becoming more violent in nature, more erratic, and unpredictable. As stated earlier, some criminal behavior may be seen or viewed as relatively ‘normal’ behavior for younger individuals, especially males. In fact, most young individuals do ‘grow-up and out’ of this, and choose (whether voluntarily or involuntarily) another developmental pathway. They may offend or display some type of criminal or ‘bad’ behavior as children, adolescents, or young adults, but usually stop in their late-teens to early twenties. Terrie Moffitt states that these ‘youths’ are ‘Adolescent-Limited (AL) offenders’, and these individuals usually do not have or display the early developmental, persistent antisocial, or problem behavioral histories as their LCP counterparts. However the case may be, there is an occasional commonality between LCP and AL youth. Often times, the frequency and severity of offending among LCP and AL youth, is ‘mirrored’. The patterns of offending between them can be almost identical, but with the onset of young adulthood looming near, these patterns then abruptly change. For many reasons, the AL youth realizes that continued offending will not lead to any sort of positive outcome, and he or she then stops. Ultimately, when applied in a criminal justice setting, Moffitt’s developmental theory of the LCP person and the AL person shows that the AL ‘criminals’ or ‘delinquents’ have the ability, or at the very least, are more likely to regain control of their lives. They desist in their malevolent and/or devious behavior when they begin to mature and evolve into a more social, conventional, realistic, and ‘acceptable’ person. The LCP ‘criminal’ or ‘delinquent’ maintains their malevolent behavior, possibly and usually escalating into a more antisocial, unpredictable and dangerous person. LCP’s generally have long histories wrought with aggressive and violent crimes, with genuine ‘disregard’ for legality, posing as a ‘threat’ to everyone. Psychologist Erik Erikson proposed another theory of Psychosocial Development, which focuses on ‘Stages’. He states that each stage plays a major role in the development of personality and psychological ‘skills’. Erikson says there are a series of eight stages, coinciding with infancy to late adulthood, in which a person experiences different ‘challenges’. Each stage requires the successful completion of the prior stage to move onto the next, otherwise incomplete stages may reappear in the future and pose potential problems. However, absolute perfection or mastery of a stage is not necessary. Erikson’s developmental stages are as follows: 1. Hopes: Trust vs. Mistrust (Oral-Sensory, Birth – 2 yrs) 2. Will: Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt (Muscular-Anal, 2 -4 yrs) 3. Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt (Locomotor-Genital, Preschool, 4 -5 yrs) 4. Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority (Latency, 5 – 12 yrs) 5. Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 13 – 19 yrs) 6. Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 20 – 24, or 20 – 40 yrs) 7. Care: Generativist vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 25 – 64, or 40 – 64 yrs) 8. Wisdom: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65 – death) In regards to Erik Erikson’s developmental theory of the ‘Stages’, there is particular importance in relation to the criminal justice field. Stage 5, (Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion) plays a key role in psychosocial ability and behavior. ‘Identity’ is unique to every individual. There may be a distinct correlation between identity and why some people stray from the ‘norms’ of society and venture off into a life of deviant or criminal activity. This is especially true when it involves young people. Young people/persons are quite easily influenced, and impressionable. It is a very critical and important time in one’s life, trapped somewhere between childhood and adulthood. It is a period of extreme change, extreme choices, and big decisions. Lack of one’s own identity, confusion, and the need and desire to belong, or to ‘fit in’ somewhere, can and often does provoke irrational thought. The inability or difficulty to become accepted by one’s peers gives way to potentially ‘bad’ choices. This can be especially difficult for certain cultural, ethnic, and societal groups. For example, inner-city youth (regardless of race) who grow up in areas with higher crime rates and/or criminal activity, or lower-income families (many with only one parental figure) are by default, at higher risk of ‘exposure’ to criminal activity. They in essence, have little or almost no chance of meeting or interacting with (or being influenced by) someone from the suburbs, or the country (rural areas), where criminal activity is lower. These inner-city youths are more frequently exposed to crime (it is sometimes all they see and know), and without ‘positive’ influence, they are more susceptible to adopt an ‘identity’ relative and according to what they experience on a regular basis. They believe that is the ‘norm’ and in turn, they tend to lean towards what they believe. Rather than having no identity at all, and having the desire to ‘fit in’ somewhere, they naturally fall into place. Unfortunately, the choice(s) for these youths are often very limited, and this is a major problem. This may be a reason why Hans J. Eysenck developed his psychosocial development theory of Personality and Crime. Hans J. Eysenck’s theory is regarded as one of the most influential psychological perspectives on crime today. (Cale, 2006) Eysenck states that criminal behavior is the result of an interaction between certain environmental conditions and certain features of the nervous system. In other words, certain types of personalities, combined with certain types of surroundings, lead to certain types of criminal activity. This equates to a perfect combination of attributes which are a recipe for juvenile, delinquent, and/or criminal behavior. This theory is unlike most contemporary theories of crime, because Eysenck heavily emphasizes that genetic predispositions are largely responsible for antisocial and criminal conduct. Theoretically, some people are just ‘born different’ from the majority of the population, and their genetics result in their inability to adapt and conform to society’s rules, regulations, and expectancies. Therein lays the problem. To assist Eysenck in measuring different variables of, and predisposure to commit crimes and offenses, he developed several ‘questionnaires’. The best known questionnaire would be the British Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). Additional editions would be the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R). These questionnaires can be very helpful in providing researchers with valuable insight on how personality traits may coincide with criminality however it is not yet ‘conclusive’ research. Although Eysenck’s theory of Personality and Crime cannot be definitively proven, it is still worth looking at. Criminal justice practitioners would be wise to examine and contemplate its useful and unique suggestions. While there are still several theories on psychosocial development to be discussed, Gerald Patterson’s ‘Coercion Developmental Theory’ is in alignment with Terrie Moffitt’s theory. Patterson states and believes that ‘early starters are at greater risk for more serious criminal offending’. (Bartol and Bartol, p. 65) Patterson theorizes that while early starters are at greater risk, he focuses on how the parents and their roles with their children are more important, and much more instrumental. Essentially when young children experience different types of ‘traumatic’ events (e. g. ivorce, family violence, inconsistent parental discipline), they are prone to or are at greater likelihood to begin using or displaying ‘coercive behavior’. Coercive behavior can become the child’s way of avoiding or escaping his or her immediate (parental, social) environment. This ‘coercive’ behavior could be as minor or u nassuming as lying, temper tantrums, or whining. Eventually this coercive behavior becomes the child’s ‘go to’ strategy to obtain the desired result(s) he or she wants. If left unchecked, or uncorrected by parents, the problem behavior can be prolonged, well into adolescence and on to adulthood. Therefore, parents need to gain and maintain control, in a non-threatening, non-demanding, appropriate way, as early as the coercive behavior is recognized. Summarizing that society has no shortage of people with some type of developmental disability that inhibits or prohibits their behavior, it can usually be traced back or down to its source. In conclusion, the theories discussed here can assist in narrowing down the ‘root’ causes of or perhaps the reasons why some individuals seem to veer astray from societal normality. Whether the causes or reasons are psychological, developmental, or environmental in nature, criminal justice practitioners can utilize these theories to evaluate, and possibly explain the behavior of those in question. REFERENCES, NOTES, and CITATIONS 1. Criminal Behavior: A Psychosocial Approach, 8th Edition, By: Bartol and Bartol 2. Generalist Case Management: A Method of Human Service Delivery, 3rd Edition, By: Woodside and McClam 3. Online Research on Juvenile Delinquency and Criminal Behavior http://www. fbi. gov. juveniledelinquency. icr

Narcissism essays

Narcissism essays Narcissism is a pattern of traits and behaviors which signify infatuation and obsession with one's self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one's gratification, dominance and ambition. Narcissism is named after the ancient Greek myth of Narcissus who was a handsome Greek youth who rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. In punishment of his cruelty, he was doomed to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, he pined away and changed into the flower that bears his name to this very day. Narcissism is a common disorder and appears in many families and relationships. Throughout this paper I will explain what the disorder is, the symptoms, the forms of treatment, and the effects it has on relationships. My first psychologist who is a major researcher and writer about Narcissism is Dr. Sam Vaknin. He explains that there is nothing wrong with loving oneself, but this goes to a certain extent. The popular thing that narcissists are known for is that they love themselves (but this isnt true). In reality, they get their love from other peoples impressions of them. But the narcissist does possess the to love and to be loved. If he cannot love himself then he cannot love his reflection. But for the person to love his reflection it has to be loveable. Then he is taken by his need to love (which we all have), and the narcissist is busy giving off a lovable image for other people, that fits with the way that he sees himself. The person then keeps the image that they have of themselves and puts a lot of their time and energy into it, sometimes it drains the person so much that they are vulnerable to other threats. The most important thing of this image is its lovability. To a narcissist, love is changes with other emotions, such as awe, respect, admiration, or even mere attention. This is known as the Narcissistic Supply. To him the image...

Woman Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Woman Renaissance - Essay Example One such case of women renaissances lies in the curiosity that came up amongst women in modern Europe following the recognition of a patriarchal order in society thus women were put in their own unique situation to engage in their desires. This is especially so in England, where women discovered overcame the issue of contemporary dressing that was common at that time and adopted a more adventurous dress code. The above-mentioned dress code defied their role as people who stayed at home and away from the public limelight for preservation of a pure bloodline, and made them into suspicious beings in the eyes of men. The women’s revolution further covered the ownership of property by women, where to many, if any could own property. Concerning those that owned property it was regarded as highly unusual as it was unlikely in the first place for a woman to have property of any kind in her own name. In this case property was totally patriarchal in that it could only be passed to male members of a family (McKay 395). Looking at merchant families reveals that in spite of family background in terms of religious differences and only allowed inheritance through the male line. The different social backgrounds that were overlooked by this patriarchal tendency include religion and social values, as all this was embedded in classical values as shown by the sidelines at which women were kept. There were also leadership issues towards the renaissance of women in early modern Europe, where there was debate about female rulers, where royal born women were given an education and rights (McKay 393). This was part of the renaissance in that it openly defied gender roles and partially welcomed female responsibility, where women could be rulers. In addition, ownership of property was fully meant for the glory of men, where they were to be honored and respected by women at all times since they were at the mercy of men. These also involved keeping women away from public life and we re isolated at home in an attempt to ensure that their fertility was preserved towards the purity of bloodlines. This is in an attempt to ensure that male line of inheritance was purely familial and not from bastard sons. The above is termed as part of keeping man away from evil following biblical accounts stating that Eve was the villain that brought about suffering unto man thus purity as further depicted by the story of the virgin Mary had to be maintained (McKay 396). In addition, this occurred by keeping women isolated in their homes, where even artwork in the form of paintings indicate the isolation of women by being drawn next to windows (McKay 417). This is especially so in the case of England and France, where the church had a strong influence and only served to ensure that the traditionalist trends of the day and age were followed. This serves towards showing the lack of a renaissance for women in modern Europe due to religious lines and traditionalist ideologies that kept women away from owning property and even having a life outside of their houses as they were seen as treacherous beings (McKay 396). In addition to this, their sense of worth was highly demeaned, as their parents had to pay bride price for their marriage making the perception towards them be highly negative as they were of no economic worth except bringing expenses. However, women did have a renaissance in early modern Europe, as it brought about curiosity, as earlier mentioned in the concept of sexuality, only that in this case it was drawn towards knowledge. During this time, there arose a sense of awareness amongst women who strived to have more knowledge and overcome their conventional roles

Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Worldview - Essay Example According to Walters, a worldview can be defined as a manner through which an individual comprehends and makes sense of what is around him this means that one’s worldview essentially includes aspects such as reality, emotions, cognition as well as a person’s ability to give meaning to or interpret the happenings of the world (33). An atheistic worldview puts forward the concept of â€Å"naturalism† as its foundation; this notion postulates that the world we see around us is all there is (Walters 36). Therefore, atheism does not advocate the existence of any supernatural or mystical entities nor does it believe in any form of spiritualism. Baggini notes that the definition of atheism is exceptionally straightforward – it is a credence which says that there is no God (4). From this belief stem several ideas, according to which it is understood that there is in fact no life after death and consequently, no heaven or hell (Baggini 6). Therefore, when a human b eing dies that is the end of their life; atheism does not support the existence of spirits or mystical souls. The most important question that arises however is that, if there is no divine creator or Supreme Being, how would an atheist explain the nature of the universe? Dawkins argues that simply relying on the theory that the complexity of living organisms is an evidence of God is not enough. In fact, evolution by natural selection competently elucidates the complexity of all living creations which in turn defines the nature of the universe (Dawkins). Baggini observes that there exists a general perception which implies that since atheism negates the existence of God, consequently, an atheistic worldview might also challenge morality and not hold confidence in doing good and being good to others (5). However, that is not the case. While, atheism views the existence of a divine creator negatively, it does not advocate pessimism in other facets of life (Baggini 5). A sound and solid upbringing that is guided with and shaped by education develops and enhances an individual’s ability to reason, think and distinguish between right and wrong, thereby, instilling morals and ethics to abide by in life. Baggini argues that unlike an individual who follows religion, an atheist is frequently bombarded with questions such as; if there is no God then what is the meaning of life? While, it is believed that the religious do not have problems in defining the purpose of life (84). The meaning, point and purpose of life is to be happy, prosperous and satisfied throughout one’s existence, it is to live with no regrets or disappointments. In comparison with an atheistic worldview, a Christian worldview encompasses the incorporation and integration of the teachings of Jesus Christ and the Bible into one’s life. According to Goheen and Bartholomew the religion of Christianity requires a believer to abide by a Christocentric belief system that comprehensively covers each and every aspect of a follower’s life (14). Therefore, a Christian worldview is centered around accepting the teachings of Jesus Christ, accomplishing salvation and acknowledging the nature of the universe as guided by the Old Testament’s outlook of creation (Goheen and Bartholomew 14). Several prominent writers on the concept of the Christian worldview have suggested that impartial and rational human reasoning which is not barred by any preconceived notions or ideas is most likely to side with Christian ideologies (Goheen and Bartholomew 16) rather than supporting any contradictory beliefs. However, commentators who believe in this idea have failed to present scientific evidence and logical arguments to support their

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Developing Profit with Online Sales Promotions

Developing Profit with Online Sales Promotions Promotional Mix is consists of 4ps (Sales promotion, advertising, personal selling, and publicity/public relations) and has a very significant role to play in Business success .Basically, Sales promotion is concerned with ensuring that customer are aware of the different products manufactured by companies and makes available to their customers (Rowley J. 1998).Promotion alters consumer behaviour beyond the normal price/quantity trade-off, change in buying time of the product, as well as how much the customer buys (Blattberg et al., 1995). Marketing Communication is one of the very important Marketing activities and is generally preferred to the term PROMOTION. All of the Marketing communication activities are the form of promotion that is in one way or another try to promote product range brand and/or company (Rowley J. 1998). The Internet is a best tool to provide an efficient way for, Marketing communication. It has been observed that the adoption of the Internet is faster than any other media. Other Medias like Radio (took 38 years) and TV (took 13 years) to reach 50 million users, whereas Internet took only five years to achieve this level (Ellsworth and Ellsworth, 1997). Companies are also conducting promotional programs using social networking websites such as Facebook, Orkut, Hi5, and Twitter. Many researchers realized that Internet would improve the Marketing communication process and it will increase future sales. Internet websites act like an information provider, and organizations encourage customers to visit their websites. Tools such as print advertising, text messaging and broadcast are being used to bring about such visits (Harridge and March, 2004). The development of different tools of promotion, such as sales promotion, advertising and direct marketing have been improved by the development of the technology, which has offered the potential to communicate with customers ( Harridge and March, 2004).This has been done in order to maximize the effectiveness of the tools, but to achieve this a unified integration is needed ( Cornelisessen and Lock, 2001).The synergy generated by such a integration far outweighs the use of individual tools in isolation, although it has been suggested that the Internet has increased effectiveness and efficiency in communicating with customers ( Harridge and March, 2004). Promotions should not be considered as a simply price promotions, rather it should be considered in a broader content and will include advertising budgets, display allowance to the trade, as well as feature and display advertising activity direct to the customer (Blattberg et al., 1995). In order to meet the promotional objectives of any given promotion strategy an appropriate promotional mix must be created. The promotional mix is the mixture of two or more different promotional channels that is used to communicate a promotional message with customers (Rowley J, 1998). 1.2 Problem Discussion In year 2001, over a one third adults of the UK who accessed the Internet also purchased goods or services through it. This means remaining two-third do not shop online. Some companies have been criticized for apparently thinking that all the Internet shoppers are the same, instead of realizing that there are many reasons why a customer may visit a web site (ibid). On the other hand, due to very high competition in Market there is a massive pressure on marketers to increase their spending on the promotional mix. While at the same time top management has examined carefully that promotional expenditures are among one of the most promising areas left for cutting costs and increasing profits. This study puts extreme pressure on Marketers to develop and implement promotional programs within the constraints of tighter budgets and can contribute to their organizations. Hence, it is important to reexamine how promotional money is spent (Srinivasan and Anderson, 2008). In todays Businesses sales promotions are very important Marketing tools but they command a greater portion of the Marketing budget than advertisements. For example, in the USA investments amount on sales promotion is nearly 30 percent of what company spend on advertising alone (d Astous and Jacob, 2005) and in many European countries, expenditures on sales promotion are larger than advertising expenditures (ibid). However, advertisements are very popular and a big business on the Internet, sales promotions on the Internet are still limited. The reason behind this is that Internet is not so common in underdeveloped and developing nations and reaching customers using this technology is difficult because not everyone is accessing Internet (Kumar et al., 2005). Since there are many other problems on which research is needed and I will try to cover them in Dissertation. 1.3 Research purpose and research questions. The Purpose of my Dissertation is to provide understanding on the use of online sales promotions in todays competitive market. How it can be improved and make it more profitable? In order to achieve this purpose I have constructed the following research questions. Que1-How can the types of sales promotions for consumer goods be described? Que2-How can online environment (i.e. Internet) providing types of sales promotion be described? Methodology Purpose of Research According to Yin (2004) the purpose of Research study can be described in three categories: exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory. According to Zikmund (2000) good researchers strive for descriptive precision. Descriptive Research includes: Surveys (questionnaires, Delphi method, normative, interviews) Case studies Job Analysis Co relational studies Documentary Analysis *Development studies and, I will try to conduct questionnaires and include case studies to my dissertation. Descriptive Research is useful to find out the answer of who, what, when, where, and how, and to find the need, difference, Characteristics, and features of subgroups (ibid). Explanatory Research is conducted when we are supposed to identify the causal relationships, among variables (Zikmund, 2000). It helps in determining the best research design, selection of subjects and data collection methods. It relies on secondary Research such as literature reviewing, qualitative approaches such as informal discussion with consumers, management or employees and formal approaches through focus groups, case studies, etc. The Research purpose and questions show that this Dissertation is going to be mainly descriptive and somewhere I will use explanatory Research also to explore and find out the answers to Research questions and to draw conclusions. Research Approach In this study qualitative approach will be used. Qualitative research is used to determine the answer to Why not the How through case studies, emails, interviews, customers feedback forms, photos and videos. It is used to understand peoples attitudes, concerns, behaviours, culture or lifestyles, motivations and helps in taking Business decisions (Yin, 2004). According to Amaratunga et al., (2002) it is difficult to make accountable speech on Qualitative Research in Business economics. The purpose of my Dissertation is to enhance understanding on the use of online environment for sales promotions. On the basis of above discussion Qualitative approach is suitable and hence I will use Qualitative approach. Data collection method According to Yin (2004), for data collection, participant observations are one of the most important sources of case study. These observations provide strength of being real, contextual, and also provide understanding of interpersonal behaviour and motives. It is a mode of observation where researcher is not a passive observer. Instead, researcher may have to play many roles within a case according to situation and may participate in the events being studied (ibid). Therefore, for this Dissertation data would be collected by participant observation. Sample Selection According to Gragiano and Raulin (1997), it is not possible to collect and gain data from all the available sources to solve the research problems and to find the solutions. Techniques provided by sampling reduce the amount of data that is needed to collect from a sub-group (Saunders Thorn hill, 2000). Sample for case studies can be chosen in many ways (Yin, 2004). For my dissertation I will use judgmental or purposive sampling. According to Saunders (2000) purposive sampling enables researcher to use judgment to select cases that will best enable researcher to answer research questions and to meet objectives. It can be use when we have to work with very small samples such as in case study research. http://www.qsrinternational.com/what-is-qualitative-research.aspx

Using the Internet as a Medium for Art Essay -- Computers Technology W

Using the Internet as a Medium for Art â€Å" This is my space, this is my world. I can express how I feel and what I believe, it’s a different type of freedom.†(1) This quote could speak of so many places in a creative world; a university, a gallery, a bedroom, a studio, and so many others that people commonly associate with artistic space however it refers to none of these and all of these at once. I am talking about the web. The web is a new space and like all technology pushed to its limits by artists. This essay will discuss the impact that new technologies have had on the young and emerging visual artist. In particular this essay will focus on the advantages that the internet as a medium has had over a new generation of artists that are coming into being. Starting with the tools that have been developed to create works and early examples of ‘net art.’ The essay shall also move on to websites being a new genre of art onto themselves. I shall show examples of websites that explore the many possibilities and capabilities that this new ‘web art’ genre has created and how people have exploited them to great advantage. Looking at browser based art that has been created for and only exists within the confines of a browser window. The essay shall end exploring how websites are also a medium for artists young and old, new media and traditional to deliver their work to a new audience not accessible to them before internet technology became a household standard. As stated in the introduction, many, if not all technologies are used by artists and pushed to its limits. The internet is no exception. Originally developed for and by the US Department of Defense in 1969 it quickly grew from 3 computers to hundreds and then thousand... ...nt† http://www.ihasz.com 8. Unknown Author (2000-current) â€Å"Deviant Art† http://www.deviantart.com 9. Thorson, Joshua (2003) â€Å"Clock Work Crow† http://www.clockworkcrow.com/ 10. Gilligan, Amanda (2002- current) â€Å"Shutterfly, Amanda Gilligan Photography† http://www.lyptonvillage.org/shutterfly/ 11. Cameron,Katsuki (2003-current) â€Å"TEAM k!itten.com† http://www.teamkitten.com/site/index02.html 12. Unknown, (2004) â€Å"escape|route† ACMI – Australian Centre for the Moving Image http://www.acmi.net.au/ Arts Hub- For Australian Arts Workers http://www.artshub.com.au Australia Council – New Media Arts http://www.ozco.gov.au/boards/new_media_arts/ Free Dictionary.com – Generation Y http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Generation%20Y History of the Internet- Where did the Internet come from http://net.gurus.com/history/?FRAME=no Using the Internet as a Medium for Art Essay -- Computers Technology W Using the Internet as a Medium for Art â€Å" This is my space, this is my world. I can express how I feel and what I believe, it’s a different type of freedom.†(1) This quote could speak of so many places in a creative world; a university, a gallery, a bedroom, a studio, and so many others that people commonly associate with artistic space however it refers to none of these and all of these at once. I am talking about the web. The web is a new space and like all technology pushed to its limits by artists. This essay will discuss the impact that new technologies have had on the young and emerging visual artist. In particular this essay will focus on the advantages that the internet as a medium has had over a new generation of artists that are coming into being. Starting with the tools that have been developed to create works and early examples of ‘net art.’ The essay shall also move on to websites being a new genre of art onto themselves. I shall show examples of websites that explore the many possibilities and capabilities that this new ‘web art’ genre has created and how people have exploited them to great advantage. Looking at browser based art that has been created for and only exists within the confines of a browser window. The essay shall end exploring how websites are also a medium for artists young and old, new media and traditional to deliver their work to a new audience not accessible to them before internet technology became a household standard. As stated in the introduction, many, if not all technologies are used by artists and pushed to its limits. The internet is no exception. Originally developed for and by the US Department of Defense in 1969 it quickly grew from 3 computers to hundreds and then thousand... ...nt† http://www.ihasz.com 8. Unknown Author (2000-current) â€Å"Deviant Art† http://www.deviantart.com 9. Thorson, Joshua (2003) â€Å"Clock Work Crow† http://www.clockworkcrow.com/ 10. Gilligan, Amanda (2002- current) â€Å"Shutterfly, Amanda Gilligan Photography† http://www.lyptonvillage.org/shutterfly/ 11. Cameron,Katsuki (2003-current) â€Å"TEAM k!itten.com† http://www.teamkitten.com/site/index02.html 12. Unknown, (2004) â€Å"escape|route† ACMI – Australian Centre for the Moving Image http://www.acmi.net.au/ Arts Hub- For Australian Arts Workers http://www.artshub.com.au Australia Council – New Media Arts http://www.ozco.gov.au/boards/new_media_arts/ Free Dictionary.com – Generation Y http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Generation%20Y History of the Internet- Where did the Internet come from http://net.gurus.com/history/?FRAME=no

Invention: History of the Internet and Wheel

From the earliest record of civilization stemming twelve thousand years ago in Kyushu, Japan, mankind has strived to make the quality of life easier, better and more convenient with each generation. Great imagination combined with science, research, skill and patience are the tools used to create remarkable inventions that allow people today to take so much for granted in life. From my point of view, the three inventions that are the most important ones to mankind are the wheel, electricity, and the Internet.The most profound invention of all time is the wheel. Not only does it provide many sources of convenience in life, but it is also essential in the success of several other inventions. Without the wheel, discovering new lands would have been impossible, as explorers needed carriages to carry supplies, people, medicines, and other essential items for journeys. Agriculture would not be anywhere near what it is today without the basic wheel. Planes would not be able to take off or l and without the wheel.People would not be able to commute long distances to and from work. Police cars, fire engines, and ambulances would not be able to get to victims with speed without the wheel. In every aspect of life, the wheel is the one invention that people cannot live without. Long gone are the days where the sun determined when a functional day would start or end. It is the invention of electricity that gives people the opportunity to read books printed in mass copies from a machine at any time of the night and gives everyone freedom to come home to a warm meal.Today, it is routine to wake up to the sound of an alarm, and turn on the coffee maker. With each step taken during the day comes the need to use more electricity. From starting a car to get to one’s destination, and listening to the radio, or watching television, and using computers to write essays such as this one, electricity is the driving force that enables man to accomplish these tasks, which makes ele ctricity one of the greatest inventions of all time.With the invention of the Internet and its implementation in society, the world as we know it has changed drastically in the last fifteen years. The idea of direct communication first introduced by the telephone has far been surpassed with online communication tools such as Skype and Facetime. The convenience of ordering everything imaginable, from groceries, to books, to clothes, to vacation packages, and making dinner reservations all with the click of a button, is a convenience that is only possible because of the Internet.Today, the entire world and answers to all questions are easily accessible and so convenient that society has become as dependent on internet, as they are to electricity and the wheel. From the discussion above, we may safely draw the conclusion that the wheel, electricity and the internet are the most important inventions that shape society. For most, living without these is an impossibility. Not only do the serve as the foundation to other inventions, but they will continue to influence inventions to come.

Expected Pattern of Development from Birth to 19years

Expected pattern of development from birth to 19years AgePhysicalCommunication and intellectualSocial,emotional and behavioural 0-3 monthsGross- waves arms and brings hands together over body. Fine-clasps and unclasps handsThrough crying and physical contact. Smiles back when they see a smiling face.. Babies may stop crying after they are picked up or by hearing a familiar voice. By 3 months they get excited when its time to feed 3-6 monthsGross-rolls over from back to front and moves head to watch others Fine-reaches for a toy and moves it from one hand to anotherEnjoys rhymes and action songs. Uses sounds to gain attention.Can laugh showing a range of feelings. Stops crying when talked to and reaches out to be held. 6-12 monthsGross-sits unsupported and likely to be mobile e. g. rolling or crawling. by 12 months may stand alone briefly. Fine-grasps objects with index finger and thumb. Starts to babble and enjoys looking at books. They also watch and copy adults. Is affectionate tow ards family and primary carers but discriminates between strangers and family. plays peek-a-boo. 1-2 yearsGross-may walk holding onto furniture, by 2 years will walk unaided. Fine-uses spoon to feed, can hold own cup and will start to scribble. Also read: Child Development Not Following Expected PatternWaves bye-bye, fingers point to objects to draw attention to adults. Less babbling and more recognisable words e. g. â€Å"no†,†come†Cries when left with someone they don’t know. keen to explore as they become more confident. Also interested in other children but does not play cooperatively. 2-3yearsGross-uses sit and ride toys and able to run. At this stage they are able play on slides. Fine-draws circles and turns pages in books. Points to pictures of familiar objects and names them. Start to recognise shapes. Starting to use sentences or putting words together. Playing imaginatively e. g. on the home corner.Shows kindness Begins to understand anger and feelings. Gets frustrated when they don't get what they want. Separation from carers remains an issue for some unless they know who they staying with. 3-4yearsGross-walks upstairs with alternate feet. Runs backwards and forwards. throws a ball. Fine -draws face with features washes and dries hands with help. Use language to say how they are feeling because speech is understandable most of the time. Can name some colours and can verbally count to 10. constantly asks questions. Listens attentively to age appropriate stories. Start to understand the consequences of own behaviour.Can express their thoughts resulting in decrease in tantrums. Seeks approval from adults. 4-5 yearsGross- aims and throws ball, walks in a line. Climbs ladders, tree and playground equipment. Fine-draws a person with head, trunks and legs. Memory develops which allows recall of songs and rhymes. Imagination develops. Start to understand symbols e. g. writing and reading. Aware of others emotions and gender roles. Will follow basic rules and seeks play with peers in groups. Attends to own toilet needs 5-6 yearsGross- runs quickly and able to avoid obstacles. throws a ball to a partner and catches it.Fine-has control of pencil to form letters. Colours in pic tures. Attention span increases and the development of vocabulary extends communication. Most children know the alphabet and can name upper case and lower case. Enjoy a joke. Physical care needs are developed. Understand the rules of games. Often has one or two focused friendships. 6-7yearsGross-hops skips and jumps confidently, balances on a beam and uses wheeled toys e. g. roller skates. Fine-cuts out shapes accurately. ties and unties shoelacesShows reasoning skills but still using trial and error learning. Able to carry adult like conversations.Uses appropriate verb tenses, word order and sentence structure. Have strong friendships. Develops self help skills e. g. wiping up spills. Uses language rather than tantrums or physical aggression to express displeasure. 7-12 years Gross- Increased coordination skills which allow more concentration on games like football/netball. Fine-skills are refined allowing work like model making and typing. Able to reason and use logic to solve pro blems. Show creativity in role play. Begins to use information form one situation and transfer to another.Some are keen to show inappropriate behaviour to gain attention from adults and admiration from other children. 12-19 yearsPuberty begins for boys between 14-17 years and for girls between 13-16 years. May became sexually active Gross-stamina increases which allow for them to walk for longer distances and take part in energetic sports. Fine -increase of strength in hands enables movement such as twisting lids of jars. Question sources of information e. g. parents,books and teachers. Start to change physically and hormones affect their mood. Making a transition from dependence on family to independence.

Federalists vs Antifederalists essays

Federalists vs Antifederalists essays To amend the Articles of Confederation, unanimous approval by all thirteen colonies was a necessity. Instead of reforming the preexisting document, it was decided that once approved by nine states, a newly written document would become the supreme law of the land. Framers of the constitution were voted on by the individual colonies to amend the existing law, the Articles of Confederation, but instead, created something entirely different altogether. They wrote the new document and gave it to the people, who were amazed and frightened at the new piece of legislation. Because of the introduction of such a radical change, conflict sprouted throughout the country over views of how government should be, and the rights that it should grant the people. People who were against a strong federal government were the antifederalists. They were in opposition of the federalists who supported the constitution and a strong central government. The antifederalists consisted mostly of the poorer classes, those who were poorly educated, backcountry dwellers, single-horse farmers, etc. Along with them were debtors who feared that a strong central government would force them to pay off their debts. Antifederalists suspected that the aristocrats were up to something sinister and trying to somehow trick them. Federalists were more respectable and cultured people. They mostly owned property and lived in settled areas, unlike the antifederalists. who lived in the backcountry. Many of them were former loyalists who had a conservative attitude. Antifederalists voiced strong objections about the constitution. It had been drawn up by the aristocrats, and therefore was believed to be undemocratic. They spoke out about the loss of sovereignty of the states, and how the freedoms of individuals were in jeopardy because of an absence of a bill of rights. They criticized that there would no longer be annual elections for congressional ...